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10. Payment - ready to pay for your Caspian Sea, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

{{Infobox_lake|lake_name = Caspian Sea |image_lake = Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg |caption_lake = As captured by the [Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on the orbiting [Terra (satellite) |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coor at dm|40|0|N|51|0|E|type:waterbody--> |type = [Endorheic
Saline
Permanent
Natural |inflow = [Volga River |outflow = [Evaporation |catchment = 3,626,000 km² (1,400,000 sq mi)van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., ''The Water Encyclopedia.'' Second Edition. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990. page 196. |basin_countries = [Azerbaijan
[Iran
[Kazakhstan
[Russia
[Turkmenistan |length = |width = |area = 371,000 km² (143,200 sq mi) |depth = 184 m (604 ft) |max-depth = 1,025 m (3,363 ft) |volume = 78,200 km³ (18,750 cu mi) |residence_time = 250 years |shore = |elevation = -28 m (-92 ft) |islands = |cities = -->The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It has a surface area of 371,000 Square meters (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 Cubic meters (18,761 cu mi). Lake Profile: Caspian Sea. LakeNet. It is an endorheic body of water, and lies between the southern areas of the Russia and northern Iran. It has a maximum depth of about 1025 meters (3,363 ft). It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. Large Lakes of the World. Factmonster.com. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of most seawater.

It is named after the ancient Caspians.

Geography The Caspian Sea is bordered by five countries:



Major natural features around the Caspian Sea include:



The sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Manych Canal and the Volga-Don Canal.

Salinity Depending on the inflow of fresh water from its effluents, the Caspian Sea is a fresh-water lake in its northern portions. It is more saline on the Iranian shore. The largely dried-up Garabogazköl embayment routinely exceeds oceanic salinity.

Cities near the Caspian Sea .Major cities by the Caspian Sea:

Islands

History , Azerbaijan

The Caspian Sea is a remnant of the Tethys Sea, along with the Black Sea and Aral Sea seas. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago. Discoveries in the Huto cave near the town of Behshahr, Mazandaran south of the Caspian in Iran, suggest human habitation of the area as early as 75,000 years ago.

In classical antiquity among Greeks and Persians it was called the Hyrcanian Ocean. In Persian antiquity, as well as in modern Iran, it is known as the Khazar or Mazandaran Sea. In Turkic speaking countries it is known as the Khazar Sea. Old Russian sources call it the Khvalyn (Khvalynian) Sea after the Khvalis, inhabitants of Khwarezmia. Ancient Arabic sources refer to Bahr-e-Qazvin — the Qazvin Sea.

The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi, an ancient people that lived to the west of the sea in Transcaucasia.Caspian Sea. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110540 Strabo wrote that "to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared". Strabo. Geography. 11.3.1 Moreover, the Caspian Gate, which is the name of a region in Tehran province of Iran, is another possible piece of evidence that they migrated to the south of the sea.

Historic cities by the sea include

Fauna in Mazandaran, Iran

The Caspian Sea holds great numbers of sturgeon, which yield eggs that are processed into caviar. In recent years overfishing has threatened the sturgeon population to the point that Environmentalism advocate banning sturgeon fishing completely until the population recovers. However, prices for sturgeon caviar are so high that fisherman can afford to pay similarly high bribes to authorities to look the other way, making regulations in many locations ineffective. Caviar harvesting further endangers the fish stocks, since it targets reproductive females.

The Caspian Seal, (Phoca caspica, Pusa caspica in some sources) which is endemic (ecology) to the Caspian Sea, is one of very few Pinniped that live in inland waters (see also Baikal Seal).

The area has given its name to several species of birds, including the Caspian Gull and the Caspian Tern.

There are several species and subspecies of fish endemic to the Caspian Sea, including the Kutum (fish) (also known as Kutum (fish)), Caspian Roach (fish), Caspian Carp Bream (some report that the Bream occurring in the Aral Sea is the same subspecies), and a species of salmon. The Caspian Salmon is critically endangered.

Oil The area is rich in energy sources. As well as recently discovered oil fields, large natural gas supplies are also in evidence, though further exploration is needed to determine their full potential. Geopolitical jockeying is taking place amongst Caspian-bordering countries, especially in the light of Middle East instability and the subsequent recasting of many Western countries' energy policies. Another factor influencing this is the new US military deployment to the Central Asian region.

A key problem is the status of the Caspian Sea and the establishment of the water boundaries among the five bordering countries. Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan signed an agreement in 2003 to divide the northern 64% of the sea among themselves. The other two bordering countries, Iran and Turkmenistan, did not agree to this. This is likely to result in the three agreeing nations proceeding with oil development regardless; Iranian and Turkmen development is likely to stall.

At present, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan have seen the biggest increase in oil production, an increase of 70% since 1992. Despite this, the region is still achieving less than potential output, with total regional production 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m³) per day, roughly equal to Brazil's production. This is expected to triple by 2010.

The oil in the Caspian basin is estimated to be worth over United States dollar $12 trillion dollars.

International disputes There are three major issues regulated by the Caspian Sea status: access to mineral resources (petroleum and natural gas), access for fishing and access to international waters (through Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea). Access to the Volga-river is particularly important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. This issue is of course sensitive to Russia, because this potential traffic will move through its territory (albeit onto the inland waterways). If a body of water is labeled as Sea then there would be some precedents and international treaties obliging the granting of access permits to foreign vessels. If a body of water is labeled merely as lake then there are no such obligations. Natural environment issues are also somewhat connected to the status and borders issue. It should be mentioned that Russia got the bulk of the former Soviet Caspian military fleet (and also currently has the most powerful military presence in the Caspian Sea). Some assets were assigned to Azerbaijan. Kazakhstan and especially Turkmenistan got a very small share (because they lack major port cities).



Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have agreed to a solution about their sectors. There are no problems between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, but the latter is not actively participating, so there is no agreement either. Azerbaijan is at odds with Iran over some oil fields that the both states claim. There have been occasions where Iranian patrol boats have opened fire at vessels sent by Azerbaijan for exploration into the disputed region. There are similar tensions between Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (the latter claims that the former has pumped more oil than agreed from a field, recognized by both parties as shared). Less acute are the issues between Turkmenistan and Iran. Regardless, the southern part of the sea remains disputed.

After Russia adopted the median line sectoral division and the three treaties already signed between some littoral states this is looking like the realistic method for regulating the Caspian borders. The Russian sector is fully defined. The Kazakhstan sector is not fully defined, but is not disputed either. Azerbaijan's, Turkmenistan's and Iran's sectors are not fully defined. It is not clear if the issue of Volga-access to vessels from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan is covered by their agreements with Russia and also what the conditions are for Volga-access for vessels from Turkmenistan and Iran.

Eurasia Canal In July 2007, in order to boost his oil-rich country's access to markets, Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbaev proposed a 700km link between the Caspian and Black seas. It is hoped that the "Eurasia Canal" would transform the landlocked Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries into maritime states, enabling them to significantly increase trade volume. While the canal would traverse Russian Federation territory, it would benefit Kazakhstan through its Caspian Sea ports.

Characteristics and ecology The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, though it is not a freshwater lake.

The Volga River (about 80% of the inflow) and the Ural River discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it is endorheic, i.e. there is no natural outflow (other than by evaporation). Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a closed basin, with its own sea level history that is independent of the Eustasis level of the world's oceans. The Caspian became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago. The level of the Caspian has fallen and risen, often rapidly, many times over the centuries. Some Russian historians claim that a medieval rising of the Caspian caused the coastal towns of Khazaria, such as Atil, Khazaria, to flood. In 2004, the water level was -28 metres, or 28 metres (92 feet) below sea level.

Over the centuries, Caspian Sea levels have changed in synchronicity with the estimated discharge of the Volga, which in turn depends on rainfall levels in its vast catchment basin. Precipitation is related to variations in the amount of North Atlantic depressions that reach the interior, and they in turn are affected by cycles of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Thus levels in the Caspian sea relate to atmospheric conditions in the North Atlantic thousands of miles to the north and west. These factors make the Caspian Sea a valuable place to study the causes and effects of global climate change.

The last short-term sea-level cycle started with a sea-level fall of 3 m from 1929 to 1977, followed by a rise of 3 m from 1977 until 1995. Since then smaller oscillations have taken place.

Transportation Several scheduled ferry services operate on the Caspian Sea, including:

Freezing The northern portion of the Caspian Sea freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters, ice will form in the south.

See also

Notes

References

External links

{{Infobox_lake|lake_name = Caspian Sea |image_lake = Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg |caption_lake = As captured by the [Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on the orbiting [Terra (satellite) |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coor at dm|40|0|N|51|0|E|type:waterbody--> |type = [Endorheic
Saline
Permanent
Natural |inflow = [Volga River |outflow = [Evaporation |catchment = 3,626,000 km² (1,400,000 sq mi)van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., ''The Water Encyclopedia.'' Second Edition. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990. page 196. |basin_countries = [Azerbaijan
[Iran
[Kazakhstan
[Russia
[Turkmenistan |length = |width = |area = 371,000 km² (143,200 sq mi) |depth = 184 m (604 ft) |max-depth = 1,025 m (3,363 ft) |volume = 78,200 km³ (18,750 cu mi) |residence_time = 250 years |shore = |elevation = -28 m (-92 ft) |islands = |cities = -->The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It has a surface area of 371,000 Square meters (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 Cubic meters (18,761 cu mi). Lake Profile: Caspian Sea. LakeNet. It is an endorheic body of water, and lies between the southern areas of the Russia and northern Iran. It has a maximum depth of about 1025 meters (3,363 ft). It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. Large Lakes of the World. Factmonster.com. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of most seawater.

It is named after the ancient Caspians.

Geography The Caspian Sea is bordered by five countries:



Major natural features around the Caspian Sea include:



The sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Manych Canal and the Volga-Don Canal.

Salinity Depending on the inflow of fresh water from its effluents, the Caspian Sea is a fresh-water lake in its northern portions. It is more saline on the Iranian shore. The largely dried-up Garabogazköl embayment routinely exceeds oceanic salinity.

Cities near the Caspian Sea .Major cities by the Caspian Sea:

Islands

History , Azerbaijan

The Caspian Sea is a remnant of the Tethys Sea, along with the Black Sea and Aral Sea seas. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago. Discoveries in the Huto cave near the town of Behshahr, Mazandaran south of the Caspian in Iran, suggest human habitation of the area as early as 75,000 years ago.

In classical antiquity among Greeks and Persians it was called the Hyrcanian Ocean. In Persian antiquity, as well as in modern Iran, it is known as the Khazar or Mazandaran Sea. In Turkic speaking countries it is known as the Khazar Sea. Old Russian sources call it the Khvalyn (Khvalynian) Sea after the Khvalis, inhabitants of Khwarezmia. Ancient Arabic sources refer to Bahr-e-Qazvin — the Qazvin Sea.

The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi, an ancient people that lived to the west of the sea in Transcaucasia.Caspian Sea. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110540 Strabo wrote that "to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared". Strabo. Geography. 11.3.1 Moreover, the Caspian Gate, which is the name of a region in Tehran province of Iran, is another possible piece of evidence that they migrated to the south of the sea.

Historic cities by the sea include

Fauna in Mazandaran, Iran

The Caspian Sea holds great numbers of sturgeon, which yield eggs that are processed into caviar. In recent years overfishing has threatened the sturgeon population to the point that Environmentalism advocate banning sturgeon fishing completely until the population recovers. However, prices for sturgeon caviar are so high that fisherman can afford to pay similarly high bribes to authorities to look the other way, making regulations in many locations ineffective. Caviar harvesting further endangers the fish stocks, since it targets reproductive females.

The Caspian Seal, (Phoca caspica, Pusa caspica in some sources) which is endemic (ecology) to the Caspian Sea, is one of very few Pinniped that live in inland waters (see also Baikal Seal).

The area has given its name to several species of birds, including the Caspian Gull and the Caspian Tern.

There are several species and subspecies of fish endemic to the Caspian Sea, including the Kutum (fish) (also known as Kutum (fish)), Caspian Roach (fish), Caspian Carp Bream (some report that the Bream occurring in the Aral Sea is the same subspecies), and a species of salmon. The Caspian Salmon is critically endangered.

Oil The area is rich in energy sources. As well as recently discovered oil fields, large natural gas supplies are also in evidence, though further exploration is needed to determine their full potential. Geopolitical jockeying is taking place amongst Caspian-bordering countries, especially in the light of Middle East instability and the subsequent recasting of many Western countries' energy policies. Another factor influencing this is the new US military deployment to the Central Asian region.

A key problem is the status of the Caspian Sea and the establishment of the water boundaries among the five bordering countries. Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan signed an agreement in 2003 to divide the northern 64% of the sea among themselves. The other two bordering countries, Iran and Turkmenistan, did not agree to this. This is likely to result in the three agreeing nations proceeding with oil development regardless; Iranian and Turkmen development is likely to stall.

At present, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan have seen the biggest increase in oil production, an increase of 70% since 1992. Despite this, the region is still achieving less than potential output, with total regional production 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m³) per day, roughly equal to Brazil's production. This is expected to triple by 2010.

The oil in the Caspian basin is estimated to be worth over United States dollar $12 trillion dollars.

International disputes There are three major issues regulated by the Caspian Sea status: access to mineral resources (petroleum and natural gas), access for fishing and access to international waters (through Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea). Access to the Volga-river is particularly important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. This issue is of course sensitive to Russia, because this potential traffic will move through its territory (albeit onto the inland waterways). If a body of water is labeled as Sea then there would be some precedents and international treaties obliging the granting of access permits to foreign vessels. If a body of water is labeled merely as lake then there are no such obligations. Natural environment issues are also somewhat connected to the status and borders issue. It should be mentioned that Russia got the bulk of the former Soviet Caspian military fleet (and also currently has the most powerful military presence in the Caspian Sea). Some assets were assigned to Azerbaijan. Kazakhstan and especially Turkmenistan got a very small share (because they lack major port cities).



Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have agreed to a solution about their sectors. There are no problems between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, but the latter is not actively participating, so there is no agreement either. Azerbaijan is at odds with Iran over some oil fields that the both states claim. There have been occasions where Iranian patrol boats have opened fire at vessels sent by Azerbaijan for exploration into the disputed region. There are similar tensions between Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (the latter claims that the former has pumped more oil than agreed from a field, recognized by both parties as shared). Less acute are the issues between Turkmenistan and Iran. Regardless, the southern part of the sea remains disputed.

After Russia adopted the median line sectoral division and the three treaties already signed between some littoral states this is looking like the realistic method for regulating the Caspian borders. The Russian sector is fully defined. The Kazakhstan sector is not fully defined, but is not disputed either. Azerbaijan's, Turkmenistan's and Iran's sectors are not fully defined. It is not clear if the issue of Volga-access to vessels from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan is covered by their agreements with Russia and also what the conditions are for Volga-access for vessels from Turkmenistan and Iran.

Eurasia Canal In July 2007, in order to boost his oil-rich country's access to markets, Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbaev proposed a 700km link between the Caspian and Black seas. It is hoped that the "Eurasia Canal" would transform the landlocked Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries into maritime states, enabling them to significantly increase trade volume. While the canal would traverse Russian Federation territory, it would benefit Kazakhstan through its Caspian Sea ports.

Characteristics and ecology The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, though it is not a freshwater lake.

The Volga River (about 80% of the inflow) and the Ural River discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it is endorheic, i.e. there is no natural outflow (other than by evaporation). Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a closed basin, with its own sea level history that is independent of the Eustasis level of the world's oceans. The Caspian became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago. The level of the Caspian has fallen and risen, often rapidly, many times over the centuries. Some Russian historians claim that a medieval rising of the Caspian caused the coastal towns of Khazaria, such as Atil, Khazaria, to flood. In 2004, the water level was -28 metres, or 28 metres (92 feet) below sea level.

Over the centuries, Caspian Sea levels have changed in synchronicity with the estimated discharge of the Volga, which in turn depends on rainfall levels in its vast catchment basin. Precipitation is related to variations in the amount of North Atlantic depressions that reach the interior, and they in turn are affected by cycles of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Thus levels in the Caspian sea relate to atmospheric conditions in the North Atlantic thousands of miles to the north and west. These factors make the Caspian Sea a valuable place to study the causes and effects of global climate change.

The last short-term sea-level cycle started with a sea-level fall of 3 m from 1929 to 1977, followed by a rise of 3 m from 1977 until 1995. Since then smaller oscillations have taken place.

Transportation Several scheduled ferry services operate on the Caspian Sea, including:

Freezing The northern portion of the Caspian Sea freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters, ice will form in the south.

See also

Notes

References

External links



Caspian Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. [2] [3] It has a surface area of 371 ...

Caspian Energy
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Caspian Sea-Level Rise: An Environmental Emergency
Caspian Sea-Level Rise: An Environmental Emergency Dr.A.Tolkatchev Senior Assistant Secretary IOC Secretariat UNESCO 1 Rue Miollis Paris 75732 Cedex 15

In search of the Caspian Sea Monster | The Register
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Chinese unleash Caspian Sea Monster | The Register
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BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Experts debate ailing Caspian Sea
Representatives from five states which share the Caspian Sea meet to discuss its worsening environmental problems, reports Chloe Arnold.

Caspian Sea Plans - A John Winters Design
The Caspian Sea. T he Caspian Sea is targeted at novice paddlers who want excellent tracking and control, but do not want to invest in the complication and expense of a rudder.

CASPIAN SEA
16 Caspian states sign ecology declaration The first international conference devoted to the ecological situation of the Caspian Sea was held in September in Kazakhstan. The two ...

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Caspian Sea. Caspian Biological Station (CBS, Azerbaijan) provides physical and biological measurements (phytoplankton, zooplankton ) from the expeditions ...

Ananova - 'Merman' spotted in Caspian
Fishermen claim to have spotted an amphibious creature resembling a human in the Caspian sea. ... Fishermen claim to have spotted an amphibious creature resembling a human in the ...

 

Caspian Sea



 
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